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The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe or Kingdom in Britannia (or Britain) who inhabited an area corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. They were bordered by the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. The tribe turned into a civitas during the Roman occupation of Britannia. Their capital was Venta Icenorum, located at modern-day Caistor St Edmund. During the Roman occupation, the Roman Emperor assigned officials to transform the tribes into ''civitates'' as a way to govern them. 〔Gardiner, Juliet, and Neil Wenborn. “Civitas.” ''The Columbia Companion to British History''. New York: Columbia UP, 1997. Print.〕 The Iceni was one of roughly sixteen ''civitates'' in Britain.〔“Britain, Roman.” ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary''. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. Print.〕 The Romans’ increasing influence eventually led to the Iceni uprising in 61 A.D. Julius Caesar described the Cenimagni submitting to him during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC: the Cenimagni may have been a branch of the Iceni〔Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' (5.21 )〕 or it could be a corruption of ''Eceni Magni'' meaning "Great Eceni".〔Russel, M. (2010). Bloodline: The Celtic Kings of Roman Britain. Published by Amberley Publishing. (ISBN 978-1-84868-238-2)〕 ==Archaeology== Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs — heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins around 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic "face/horse" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them the only coin-producing group to use their tribal name on coins. The earliest personal name to appear on coins is Antedios (about 10 BC), and other abbreviated names like AESU and SAEMU follow.〔Graham Webster (1978), ''Boudica: the British Revolt Against Rome AD 60'', pp. 46-48〕 It has been discovered that the name of Antedios’ succeeding ruler Prasutagus appears on the coins as well. H. R. Mossop in his article “An Elusive Icenian Legend” discusses coins that were discovered by D. F. Allen in Joist Fen, Suffolk, and states, “It is the coins Nos. 6 and 7 which give an advance in the obverse reading, confirming Allen’s attractive reading PRASTO, with its implied allusion to Prasutagus” (Mossop and Allen 258).〔''Britannia'', Vol. 10, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1979〕 Sir Thomas Browne, the first English archaeological writer, said of the Roman occupation, Boudica and Iceni coins: That ''Britain'' was notably populous is undeniable, from that expression of ''Caesar''. That the Romans themselves were early in no small Numbers, Seventy Thousand with their associates slain by ''Bouadicea'', affords a sure account... And no small number of silver pieces near Norwich; with a rude head upon the obverse, an ill-formed horse on the reverse, with the Inscriptions ''Ic. Duro.T.'' whether implying ''Iceni, Durotriges, Tascia,'' or ''Trinobantes'', we leave to higher conjecture. The British Coyns afford conjecture of early habitation in these parts, though the city of Norwich arose from the ruins of ''Venta'', and though perhaps not without some habitation before, was enlarged, built, and nominated by the Saxons.〔Sir Thomas Browne (1658), ''Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial''〕 The Icknield Way, an ancient trackway linking East Anglia to the Chilterns, may be named after the Iceni. John A. Davies and Tony Gregory conducted archaeological surveys of Roman coins that appeared during the period of Roman occupation of Norfolk. Their study showed that the bulk of the coins circulating before AD 60 was Icenian rather than Roman. They speculated that Roman coins were not adapted into the Iceni area until after AD 60.〔Britannia, Vol. 22, The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, (1991) pg. 90〕 The coin study also showed that there was not a regular supply of Roman coinage from year to year: The predominance of specific issues at sites across the province and relative scarcity of coins of some emperors illustrates the point that supply was sporadic and that there were periods when little or no fresh coinage was sent to Britain from the imperial mints.〔Britannia, Vol. 22, The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, (1991) pg.67〕 In certain rural regions of Norfolk, Davies and Gregory speculate that the Iceni farmers were impacted very little by the civitas, seeing as there is a scarce presence of coinage and treasures. On the other hand, their surveys found "coin-rich temple sites, which appear to have served as centres for periodic fairs and festivals and provided locations for markets and commercial transactions within their complexes and environs. In such rural areas, producers and consumers would have been attracted to these sites for commerce from afield"〔Britannia, Vol. 22, The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, (1991) pg.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iceni」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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